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Keyboard layouts
Switch macOS input sources by name from Cleat, cycle to the next layout with one hotkey, and see which one is active, with no permission needed.
Every input source enabled in System Settings › Keyboard appears in the palette as Switch to …: Switch to U.S., Switch to Macedonian, Switch to Pinyin. The active one says so on its second line. Type layout to see them all, or the name of the one you want.
Next Keyboard Layout cycles through them in the order the menu shows, and its second line names the current one. Give it a hotkey from ⌘K and you have a single key that flips between two layouts, which is faster than the menu bar and does not depend on the ⌃ Space setting.
Input methods (Pinyin, Japanese) are listed alongside layouts and switch the same way.
No permission
This uses the public Text Input Sources API, the same one the input menu uses. Nothing is read from what you type.
From elsewhere
cleat://layout/next cycles; cleat://layout/Macedonian (or the source identifier) selects one. Useful from a Shortcut that also opens the app you write that language in.